- In The Subject as Action: Transformation and Totality in Narrative Aesthetics, Alan Singer posits ''narrative aesthetics'' as a crucial link between post Enlightenment philosophical skepticism about human subjectivity and literary-theoretical skepticism about the autonomy of the text or artwork. Observing a vital complementarity between the narrative and the aesthetic (two realms often alienated from each other), Singer argues for the relevance of narrative logic to the critique of post-Cartesian subjectivity. Reciprocally, he demonstrates the relevance of rational norms of human agency to the study of narrative art. On one hand, Singer wants to salvage the critique of the subject from the metaphysical abstraction of idealist philosophies. On the other hand, he wants to save literary narrative from the ahistoricism and apoliticism to which it is often consigned. Each chapter juxtaposes a set of philosophical arguments about the dynamics of human agency with close readings of narrative literature. Rather than sketch a historical overview of Western narrative, Singer focuses on formal innovations that give a strong theoretical warrant for linking narrative to the realm of human action. Singer examines aesthetic theories in the works of Aristotle, Baumgarten, Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Sartre, Adorno, and Goodman as they converge with the goals of social theories espoused by Schutz, Lukacs, Althusser, Foucault, and Giddens. The philosophical arguments are then mapped onto a literary tradition through examination of texts by Thomas Nashe, Laurence Sterne, Henry James, Maurice Blanchot, William Gaddis, and John Ashbery.