Preface p. xvii Chapter 1 Introduction p. 1 Modernization and Chinese Civilization p. 1 Theories of Analysis of Chinese Politics p. 8 Theoretical Analysis in the Early Years of the PRC p. 10 Theories Engendered by the Cultural Revolution p. 15 Post-Mao Theories of Analysis p. 21 Conclusions p. 23 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 24 Chapter 2 The Chinese Tradition p. 25 Basic Characteristics p. 25 The Governmental Structure of Traditional China p. 32 The Examination System p. 35 Literature and Art p. 36 The Role of Law in Traditional China p. 36 The Military p. 38 The Barbarian Problem p. 39 Interpretations of Chinese History p. 40 Implications for Industrialization p. 42 Conclusions p. 46 Suggestions for further Reading p. 46 Chapters 3 Reformers, Warlords, and Communists p. 47 The New Invasion p. 47 The Self-Strengthening Movement p. 49 Reform and Revolution p. 53 The Reformers p. 54 The Reactionaries p. 55 The Revolutionaries p. 56 The Kuomintang p. 61 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 65 Chapter 4 The Communist Road to Power p. 66 The Early Years: 1919-1923 p. 66 The Period of Soviet Control: 1923-1931 p. 68 The Jiangxi Soviet: 1931-1934 p. 70 The Long March: 1934-1935 p. 72 The Xi' An Incident: 1936 p. 75 The Second United Front: 1936-1941 p. 76 Civil War and Victory: 1941-1949 p. 82 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 84 Chapter 5 PRC Politics under Mao: 1949-1976 p. 85 Consolidation of Power: 1949-1955 p. 85 Establishing the Organs of Power p. 89 The Hundred Flowers Period: 1956-1957 p. 94 The Great Leap Forward and Its Aftermath: 1958-1961 p. 97 The Socialist Education Movement: 1962-1966 p. 102 The Cultural Revolution: 1966-1976 p. 104 The Years of Upheaval: 1966-1969 p. 104 Reconstruction: 1970-1976 p. 109 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 112 Chapter 6 PRC Politics in the Post-Mao Era: 1976-2010 p. 113 Interregnum: 1976-1978 p. 113 Deng Ascendant p. 116 The Legacy of Mao p. 119 Political Realignment and Policy Readjustment p. 120 The Tiananmen Demonstrations, 1989 p. 129 The ôThird Generationö: China under Jiang Zemin p. 134 The Three Represents p. 135 Civic Organizations p. 136 Changing Central-Local Relationships p. 136 The ôFourth Generationö in Power p. 140 Conclusions p. 145 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 147 Chapter 7 The Politics of the Economy p. 148 Introduction p. 148 The Early Years: 1949-1950 p. 149 The Socialist Transformation of Agriculture: 1949-1978 p. 150 Industrial Policy in the Maoist Era p. 154 Maoist Economic Policies Assessed p. 156 Economic Policy under Deng Xiaoping p. 157 Agricultural Reforms p. 158 The Private Sector p. 161 More Responsibility for State Enterprises p. 162 Reforming the Price System p. 163 Reforming the Reforms p. 165 New Problems for Deng's Successors p. 169 Future Concerns p. 173 Conclusions p. 177 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 178 Chapter 8 Crime and Punishment: The Legal System of the PRC p. 179 Less than Peaceful Coexistence of the Societal and Jural Models: 1949-1953 p. 180 The Jural Model in Ascendance: 1954-1957 p. 181 Resurgence of the Societal Model: 1957-1965 p. 183 The Societal Model Rampant: 1966-1976 p. 184 Law and Justice in the Post-Mao Era: Return to the Jural Model p. 186 The New Legal System p. 187 Legal Developments p. 189 The Trial Process p. 190 Mediation p. 191 Petitions p. 193 The Penal System p. 194 Conclusions p. 202 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 203 Chapter 9 The Role of the Military p. 204 Party and Army p. 204 Assessing the Maoist Model p. 207 The Influence of the Korean War on the PLA p. 208 The Revolt against Professionalism p. 210 Professionalism Returns p. 215 The Effect of the June Fourth Incident on the PLA p. 220 The Military under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao p. 221 Conclusions p. 227 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 228 Chapter 10 Education p. 229 Devising a System p. 229 The Drive for Egalitarianism and Return to Expertise p. 232 Redness Revisited: The Cultural Revolution p. 233 Egalitarians versus Experts: The Search for a Synthesis p. 236 The Search for Academic Excellence p. 237 Conclusions p. 249 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 252 Chapter 11 Quality-of-Life Issues: Health, Demography, and the Environment p. 253 Health p. 253 Demography p. 260 The Environment p. 269 Conclusions p. 274 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 275 Chapter 12 Conformity and Dissent: The Arts, the Media, and Social Control p. 276 Artist and Society in China p. 276 The Party, Art, and Social Protest p. 277 Post-1949 Control Mechanisms p. 278 Repression and Reaction p. 280 Culture and the Cultural Revolution p. 282 The Arts under Deng Xiaoping p. 284 Restrained Dissent p. 284 Protest Gains Momentum p. 285 Experimenting with Capitalism in the Arts p. 287 The Campaign Against Spiritual Pollution p. 287 Looming Confrontation p. 288 The Tiananmen Demonstrations and Their Aftermath p. 289 Expression, Repression, and Social Control p. 290 Conclusions p. 296 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 297 Chapter 13 Ethnic Minorities and National Integration p. 298 China's Minority Peoples p. 298 Ethnicity in Communist Ideology p. 303 Minorities Policy in Practice p. 303 The Early Years: 1949-1957 p. 303 The Great Leap Forward and Its Aftermath: 1959-1965 p. 308 The Cultural Revolution: 1966-1971 p. 311 Return to Pluralism: 1971-1977 p. 312 Post-Mao Minorities Policy p. 313 Reform Produces Problems p. 314 External Factors p. 316 Repression Increases p. 317 Genuine Autonomy as a Possible Solution p. 322 Conclusions p. 325 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 326 Chapter 14 Foreign Policy p. 327 Determinants p. 327 Tradition p. 327 Ideology p. 329 Capabilities p. 330 Goals p. 331 The Formulation of Foreign Policy p. 331 Chinese Foreign Relations: An Overview p. 334 The ôLean to One Sideö Policy: 1949-1954 p. 334 The Bandung Spirit: 1954-1957 p. 337 Resurgent Nationalism and Isolation: 1957-1969 p. 339 Global Power Politics: 1969-Present p. 343 Triangular Politics: 1969-1989 p. 343 Counterbalancing the Sole Superpower: 1989-Present p. 348 Post-9/11 Developments p. 350 Conclusions p. 352 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 354 Chapter 15 Conclusions p. 355 Suggestions for Further Reading p. 366 Useful Websites p. 367 Index p. 368.