Summary Since the early 19th century, European pedagogical theory has stimulated a didactic turn towards the visual as an alternative to textual mediations of knowledge through books and lectures. Pedagogues and policymakers who strove for a more child-centred approach to teaching were soon joined by media producers and marketers in their aim to transform the classroom into a multimodal space for learning. From the turn of the 20th century onwards, teachers were increasingly pressured to incorporate high-profile media technologies such as stereoscopes, lantern and film projectors into their lessons. This collection of essays focuses on European educational light projection, from its first appearance at the end of the nineteenth century through the 1990s, when digital image projection started to gradually replace analogue film, slide and overhead projectors. It explores the classroom use of these technologies. In doing so, it challenges top-down approaches to the introduction of new visual technology and questions discourses that characterize the relation of visual media technology to teachers as one of consumption. The studies in this volume demonstrate how everyday demands and preferences transformed the 'ideal' instructional culture as put forward by policymakers, producers and pedagogues, into distinctive didactic practices that worked around or went beyond the pre-imposed ways of usage of visual media products. The volume moves beyond the view of instructional technology as a one-way route to modernization and teaching efficiency. By laying bare the power relations, interests and ideologies at play, the contributions also lend insight into the intertwinement between politics, media, material culture and classroom practices. TABLE OF CONTENTS Nelleke Teughels, Kaat Wills, Introduction Introducing Light Projection in Education Frank Kessler & Sabine Lenk, The Emergence of the Projected Image as a Teaching Tool in Higher Education (1860-1914) Margo Buelens-Terryn, Taking the University to the People. The Role of Lantern Lectures in Extramural Adult Education in Early Twentieth-Century Brussels and Antwerp Jamilla Notebaard, Nico de Klerk, The Photographic Turn in Visual Teaching Aids: Films and Slides for Schools in the Netherlands, 1911-1926 Agents of Change Wouter Egelmeers, 'Deep and lasting traces'. How and Why Belgian Teachers Integrated the Optical Lantern in their Teaching (1895-1940) Audrey Hostettler, Progressive Education and Early Uses of Film in Swiss Schools Objects and Spaces of Change Nelleke Teughels, Teachers' Agency and the Introduction of New Materialities of Schooling: The Projection Lantern and Classroom Transformations in Antwerp Municipal Schools, c. 1900-1940 Michael Markert, Casting Long Shadows on the Teaching of Experimental Physics. The Projection Techniques of Robert Wichard Pohl (1884-1976) Joachim Schätz, DIY versus DITMAR 1006: The Economics, Institutional Politics and Media Ecology of Classroom Projectors Made in 1950s Austria The political Made Visual Sabrina Meneghini, Lantern Slides in Geography Lessons: Imperial Visual Education for Children in the British Colonial-Era Kerrin Klinger von Engelhardt, Complex Sssociations: On the Emotional Impact of Educational Film in the German Democratic Republic (1950-1990)