Summary This volume analyses how and why members of scholarly societies such as the Royal Society, the Society of Antiquaries of London, and the Leopoldina collected specimens of the natural world, art, and archaeology in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. These scholarly societies, founded before knowledge became subspecialised, had many common members. We focus upon how their exploration of natural philosophy, antiquarianism, and medicine were reflected in collecting practice, the organisation of specimens and how knowledge was classified and disseminated. The overall shift from curiosity cabinets with objects playfully crossing the domains of art and nature, to their well-ordered Enlightenment museums is well known. Collective Wisdom analyses the process through which this transformation occurred, and the role of members of these academies in developing new techniques of classifying and organising objects and new uses of these objects for experimental and pedagogical purposes. TABLE OF CONTENTS Vera Keller and Anna Marie Roos, Introduction Kelly J. Whitmer, Putting Play to Work: Collections of Realia and Useful Play in Early Modern Educational Reform Efforts Chantal Grell, Tito Livio Burattini, a Seventeenth-Century Engineer and Egyptologist Georgiana Hedesan, University Reform and Medical Alchemy in Ole Worm's Museum Wormianum (1655) Fabien Kr mer, The Curiosi as Collectores: The Publications of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum, c. 1652-1706 Vera Keller, Vernacular Knowledge, Learned Medicine, and Social Technologies in the Leopoldina, 1670-1700, or, How to Publish on Sirens, Dragons, and Basilisks Philip Beeley, 'The Antiquity, Excellence, and use of Musick': Wallis, Wanley, and the Reception of Ancient Greek Music in Late Seventeenth-Century Oxford Julia A. Schmidt-Funke, Urban Fabric and Knowledge of Nature: Physicians as Naturalists in Early Modern Commercial Towns Kim Sloan, Sloane's Antiquities: Providing a 'Body of History' through Beads, Bottles, Brasses and Busts Dustin Frazier Wood, Antiquarian Science and Scientific Antiquarianism at the Spalding Gentlemen's Society Anna Marie Roos, The First Egyptian Society Louisiane Ferlier, Collective Wisdom in the Digital Age: Digitizing Early Modern Collections at the Royal Society