Summary Early modern objects, images and artworks often served as nodes of discussion and contestation. If images were sometimes contested by external and often competing agencies (religious and secular authorities, image theoreticians, inquisitions, or single individuals), artists and objects were often just as likely to impose their own rules and standards through the continuation or contestation of established visual traditions, styles, iconographies, materialities, reproductions and reframings. Centering on the capacity of the image as agent ? either in actual legal processes or, more generally, in the creation of new visual standards ? this volume provides a first exploration of image normativity by means of a series of case studies that focus in different ways on the intersections between the limits of the sacred image and the power of art between 1450 and 1650. The fourteen contributors to this volume discuss the status of images and objects in trials; contested portraits, objects and iconographies; the limits to representations of suffering; the tensions between theology and art; and the significance of copies and adaptations that establish as well as contest visual norms from Europe and beyond. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword INTRODUCTION Images as Norms in Europe and Beyond: A Research Program Chiara Franceschini I. Images and Trials CHAPTER 1 Fumi-e: Trampled Sacred Images in Japan Yoshie Kojima CHAPTER 2 Too Many Wounds: Innocenzo da Petralia's Excessive Crucifixes and the Normative Image Chiara Franceschini CHAPTER 3 Wounds on Trial: Forensic Truth, Sanctity, and the Early Modern Visual Culture of Ritual Murder Cloe Cavero de Carondelet CHAPTER 4 The Image and Cult of Sette Arcangeli facing Roman Censorship Escardiel Gonz lez Est vez II. Contested Portraits CHAPTER 5 The Return of Andrea Casali: Legal Evidence, Imposture, and the Portrait in Late Renaissance Italy Mattia Biffis CHAPTER 6 Simulating and Appropriating the Sacred: The Background to a Papal Ban on Saintly Portraits of Non-Saints James Hall CHAPTER 7 Ritratti rubati: Portraits of Post-Tridentine Saints as pia fraus Nina Niedermeier CHAPTER 8 Ignatius of Loyola as a Normative Image Steffen Zierholz III. The Norm and the Copy CHAPTER 9 In between Sacred Space and Collection: An Altarpiece from Augsburg and the Norms of Catholic Art around 1600 Antonia Putzger CHAPTER 10 The Tradition of Change in Copies of the Santa Casa di Loreto: The Case of San Clemente in Venice Erin Giffin CHAPTER 11 Sebastiano del Piombo: The Normative Sacred Image between Italy and Spain Piers Baker-Bates IV. Pictorial and Material Depths CHAPTER 12 The Reception of Divine Grace in Hendrick ter Brugghen's Crucifixion with the Virgin and Saint John Josephine Neil CHAPTER 13 Alonso Cano's The Miracle of the Well: Material Forms, Temporalities, and the Invention of Miraculous Marian Images Livia Stoenescu CHAPTER 14 Middle Natures, Human Stone: Fossils, Ribera, and Fanzago at Certosa di San Martino, Naples Todd P. Olson Contributors Bibliography Indexes Photo Credits