Summary This innovative volume of cultural history offers a unique exploration of how gender and status competition have intersected across different periods and places. The contributions collected here focus on the role of women and the practice of masculinity in settings as varied as ancient Rome, China, Iran, and Arabia, medieval and early modern England, and early modern Italy, France, and Scandinavia, as well as exploring issues that affected people of all social rank, from raillery and pranks to shaming, male boasting about sexual conquests, court rituals, violence, and the use and display of wealth. Particular attention is paid to the performance of such issues, with chapters examining status and gender through cultural practices, especially specific (re)presentations of women. These include Roman priestesses, early Christian virgin martyrs, flirtation in seventh-century Arabia, and the attempt by an early modern French woman to take her place among the immortals. Together this wide-ranging and fascinating array of studies from renowned scholars offers new insights into how and why different cultures responded to the drive for status, and the complications of gender within that drive. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations General Theme and Questions Part I: Practices Introduction Women, Seals, and Power in Prehistoric Iran and Central Asia - MARTA AMERI Exaequatio and aemulatio: Regulation of Elite Female Status Competition in Mid-Republican Rome - LEWIS WEBB Manly Virtues, Emotions, and Scars: Competition among Italian Renaissance Soldiers through Bodily Practices - GIULIA MOROSINI Shame and Boastfulness in Early Modern Italy: Showing off Masculinity and Exposing Sexual Submission in Class and Age Competitions - UMBERTO GRASSI 'I Am as Honest a Man as You': Gender and Conflicts about Status and Honour in Early Modern Sweden - JONAS LILIEQUIST Practices - Reflections and Concluding Remarks Part II: Performances Introduction Jealousy, Gender, and a Moralist's Mission in Early China - YIQUN ZHOU Early Medieval Board Games: Issues of Power and Gender - MARTHA BAYLESS The Social Circulation of Grief: Status Competition, Mourning and Gender in Seventeenth-Century China - MARTIN W. HUANG 'Just a Humble Petitioner of a Saint?': Devotion as a Strategy for Attaining Prestige in Fourteenth-Century Italian Canonization Processes - SARI KATAJALA-PELTOMAA Performances - Reflections and Concluding Remarks Part III: (Re)presentations Introduction Coniunx et sacerdos: Livia as Widow and Priestess of Divus Augustus - LOVISA BR NNSTEDT Double Martyrdom, Double Crown: Virgin Martyrs and Fourth-Century Ascetic Hierarchies - SISSEL UNDHEIM A Competitive Fantasy Figure and his Female Conquests: ?Umar ibn Abi Rabi?a - JULIA BRAY H lisenne de Crenne Challenging Male Mastery: Translating Virgil's Aeneid in the French Sixteenth Century - BRITT-MARIE KARLSSON AND SARA MODIG (Re)presentations - Reflections and Concluding Remarks