Summary The notion that, upon the advent of the English in 1167, all Gaelic peoples in Ireland were immediately and ipso facto denied access to the English royal courts has become so widely accepted in popular culture that it is often treated as fact. In this ground-breaking monograph, however, the narrative of absolute ethnic discrimination in thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century English Ireland is for the first time tackled head-on through a thorough re-examination of the Irish plea rolls. Through a forensic study of these records, the author demonstrates not only that there was a great deal of variation in how members of various ethnic groups and women who came before the English royal courts in Ireland were treated, but also that there was a large ? and hitherto scarcely noticed ? population of Gaels with regular and unimpeded access to English law, and that the intersections between gender/sex and ethnicity have too often been deeply misunderstood or disregarded. A close comparison between the treatment of Gaelic women and men and that of the English of Ireland, together with an in-depth examination of other ethnicities from around the Irish Sea, provide a new understanding of English Ireland in which it is clear that there was not a simple dichotomy between the English and the unfree, but rather that people lived an altogether more complex and nuanced existence. TABLE OF CONTENTS Maps and Tables Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction Chapter 1: Legal Bondage and 'betaghs' Chapter 2: Free Gaelic Men in English Ireland Chapter 3: The Legal Status of Women: The Intersection of Sex and Ethnicity Chapter 4: Legal Discrimination, Disseisins, and Land Transfers Chapter 5: Irish Sea Region Ethnicities Chapter 6: The Effects of Ethnicity during Criminal Cases Chapter 7: The Role of Ethnicity in the Status of Clerics Conclusion Bibliography Index