Summary Numbers, weights, and measurements, and the systems underpinning them, have always been a fundamental part of human society. Developed in different ways and at different times, such systems have provided a foundation for science, technology, economics, and new ways of engaging with and understanding the world. This volume aims to explore the background to numbers and measurements in more detail by drawing together specialists from a growing field of research. The contributions gathered here offer new and interdisciplinary insights into how the development of mathematical ideas and systems evolved, early metrological systems, the exchange of goods and their impact, the standardization of measuring tools, and the impact of such concepts. This unique volume is deliberately set broad, both geographically and chronologically, in order to compare and contrast changes over time and between peoples, and in doing so it sheds new light on the social and scientific developments among both prehistoric and early historic societies. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations Foreword 1. How to Open the Gift Box? Archaeology and the Transfer of Goods Christophe Darmangeat 2. Between East and West. The Measurement of Linearity as the Forerunner of Weighing Aleksander Dzby?ski 3. Feasting and Burial Rites in Pre-Hispanic Honduras. Comparing Archaeological and Ethnographic Evidence Franziska Fecher 4. Development and Functioning of Numeral Systems Jadranka Gvozdanovi? 5. Some Further Thoughts on Commodity and Gift Exchange in Tribal Societies Ju?rg Helbling 6. The Early Bronze Age Rib Ingot Hoard from Oberding (Upper Bavaria) Sabrina Kutscher 7. Numbers and Measures in the Iberian Peninsula during the Iron Age. Evidence from the Archaeological and Textual Records Thibaud Poigt and Coline Ruiz Darasse 8. Highly Composite Numbers and the Early Use of Weights Lorenz Rahmstorf 9. The Functions of Number in Early Greek Text Richard Seaford