Volume 1 + 2 La cosmologie Hellénique, Volume 3 + 4: L'astronomie Latine au moyen age, Volume 5: La crue de l'aristotélisme, Volume 6: Le refuxde l'aristotélisme les condemnations de 1277, Volume 7 + 8 + 9:: La physique parisienne au XIVe siècle, Volume 10: La cosmologie du XVe siècle. Écoles et universités au XVe siècle.Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem 1861, 14 September 1916, was a French theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the theory of elasticity. Duhem was also a prolific historian of science, noted especially for his pioneering work on the European Middle Ages.[2] As a philosopher of science, Duhem is credited with the "Duhem?Quine thesis" on the indeterminacy of experimental criteria. Duhem's opposition to positivism was partly informed by his traditionalist Catholicism, an outlook that put him at odds with the dominant academic currents in France during his lifetime (...)Duhem is well known for his work on the history of science] which resulted in the ten volume Le système du monde: histoire des doctrines cosmologiques de Platon à Copernic (The System of World: A History of Cosmological Doctrines from Plato to Copernicus). As a traditionalist Catholic, Duhem rejected the Enlightened conception of the European Middle Ages as intellectually barren. Instead, he endeavored to show that the Medieval Church had helped to foster the growth of Western science. Duhem's work as a historian of medieval science began with his research on the origins of statics, in the course of which he encountered the works of medieval mathematicians and philosophers such as John Buridan, Nicole Oresme, and Roger Bacon. Duhem came to see in them the true founders of modern science, who in his view had anticipated many of the discoveries of Galileo Galilei and later early modern scientists. Duhem claimed that "the mechanics and physics of which modern times are justifiably proud" had proceeded, "by an uninterrupted series of scarcely perceptible improvements, from doctrines professed in the heart of the medieval schools.